[ix]



Table of Contents
(second edition, 1787)

TITLE PAGE OF FIRST EDITION (in replica) [1]
TITLE PAGE OF SECOND EDITION (not in replica) [3]
MOTTO [4]
DEDICATION [5]
PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION [7]
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION [17]
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF FIRST EDITION [39]
INTRODUCTION[41]

1. The Distinction between Pure and Empirical Knowledge [41]
2. We are in possession of certain Modes of a priori Knowledge, and even the Common Understanding is never without them [43]
3. Philosophy stands in need of a Science to determine the Possibility, the Principles, and the Extent of all a priori Knowledge [45]
4. The Distinction between Analytic and Synthetic Judgments [48]
5. In all Theoretical Sciences of Reason Synthetic a priori Judgments are contained as Principles [52]
6. The General Problem of Pure Reason [55]
7. The Idea and Division of a Special Science, under the title "Critique of Pure Reason" [58]

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I. TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF ELEMENTS [63]

First Part. Transcendental Aesthetic [65]

Introduction [65]
Section 1. Space [67]
Section 2. Time [74]
General Observations on the Transcendental Aesthetic [82] [x]

Second Part. Transcendental Logic [92]

Introduction. Idea of a Transcendental Logic [92]
1. Logic in General [92]
2. Transcendental Logic [95]
3. The Division of General Logic into Analytic and Dialectic [97]
4. The Division of Transcendental Logic into Transcendental Analytic and Dialectic [100]

First Division. Transcendental Analytic [102]

Book I. Analytic of Concepts [103]
Chapter I. The Clue to the Discovery of all Pure Concepts of the Understanding [104]
Section 1. The Logical Employment of the Understanding in general [105]
Section 2. The Logical Function of the Understanding in Judgments [106]
Section 3. The Pure Concepts of the Understanding, or Categories [111]

Chapter II. The Deduction of the Pure Concepts of Understanding [120]
Section 1. The Principles of any Transcendental Deduction [120]

Transition to the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories [125]
Section 2. Transcendental Deduction of the Pure Concepts of Understanding [129]

Deduction as in First Edition [129]
Deduction as in Second Edition [151]
Book II. Analytic of Principles [176]
Introduction. Transcendental Judgment in General [177]
Chapter I. The Schematism of the Pure Concepts of Understanding [180]
Chapter II. System of all Principles of Pure Understanding [188]
Section 1. The Highest Principle of all Analytic Judgments [189]
Section 2. The Highest Principle of all Synthetic Judgments [191]
Section 3. Systematic Representation of all the Synthetic Principles of Pure Understanding [194]
1. Axioms of Intuition [197]
2. Anticipations of Perception [201]
[xi] 3. Analogies of Experience [208]
First Analogy. Principle of Permanence of Substance [212]
Second Analogy. Principle of Succession in Time, in accordance with the Law of Causality [218]
Third Analogy. Principle of Coexistence, in accordance with the Law of Reciprocity or Community [233]
4. The Postulates of Empirical Thought in general [239]

Refutation of Idealism [244]
General Note on the System of the Principles [252]
Chapter III. The Ground of the Distinction of all Objects in general into Phenomena and Noumena [257]

Appendix: The Amphiboly of Concepts of Reflection [276]

Note to the Amphiboly of Concepts of Reflection [281]

Second Division. Transcendental Dialectic [297]

Introduction [297]

1. Transcendental Illusion [297]
2. Pure Reason as the Seat of Transcendental Illusion [300]
   1. Reason in General [300]
   2. The Logical Employment of Reason [303]
   3. The Pure Employment of Reason [305]

Book I. The Concepts of Pure Reason [308]
Section 1. The Ideas in General [309]
Section 2. The Transcendental Ideas [315]
Section 3. System of the Transcendental Ideas [322]

Book II. The Dialectical Inferences of Pure Reason [327]
Chapter I. The Paralogisms of Pure Reason [328]


The Paralogisms as in First Edition [333]
The Paralogisms as in Second Edition [368]
Chapter II. The Antinomy of Pure Reason [384]
• Section 1. System of Cosmological Ideas [386]
• Section 2. Antithetic of Pure Reason [393]
  First Antinomy [396]
  Second Antinomy [402]
  Third Antinomy [409]
  Fourth Antinomy [415]
  [xii]
• Section 3. The Interest of Reason in these Conflicts [422]
• Section 4. The Absolute Necessity of a Solution of the Transcendental Problems of Pure Reason [430]
• Section 5. Skeptical Representation of the Cosmological Questions in the Four Transcendental Ideas [436]
• Section 6. Transcendental Idealism as the Key to the Solution of the Cosmological Dialectic [439]
• Section 7. Critical Solution of the Cosmological Conflict of Reason with itself [443]
• Section 8. The Regulative Principle of Pure Reason in its application to the Cosmological Ideas [449]
• Section 9. The Empirical Employment of the Regulative Principle of Reason, in respect of all Cosmological Ideas [454]
  1. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Composition of the Appearances of a Cosmic Whole [455]
  2. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of Division of a Whole given in Intuition [459]
     Concluding Note and Preliminary Observation [461]
  3. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of Totality in the Derivation of Cosmical Events from their Causes [464]
     Possibility of Causality through Freedom [467]
     Explanation of the Cosmological Idea of Freedom [469]
  4. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Dependence of Appearances as regards their Existence in general [479]
     Concluding Note on the whole Antinomy of Pure Reason [483]
Chapter III. The Ideal of Pure Reason [485]
• Section 1. The Ideal in general [485]
• Section 2. The Transcendental Ideal [487]
• Section 3. The Arguments of Speculative Reason in Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being [495]
• Section 4. The Impossibility of an Ontological Proof of the Existence of God [500]
• Section 5. The Impossibility of a Cosmological Proof of the Existence of God [507]
  Discovery and Explanation of the Dialectical Illusion in all Transcendental Proofs of the Existence of a Necessary Being [514]
  
• Section 6. The Impossibility of the Physico-theological Proof [518]
• Section 7. Critique of all Theology based upon Speculative Principles of Reason [525]

[xiii] Appendix to the Transcendental Dialectic [532]
The Regulative Employment of the Ideas of Pure Reason [532]
The Final Purpose of the Natural Dialectic of Human Reason [549]

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II. TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF METHOD

Introduction [573]
Chapter I. The Discipline of Pure Reason [574]

• Section 1. The Discipline of Pure Reason in its Dogmatic Employment [576]
• Section 2. The Discipline of Pure Reason in respect of its Polemical Employment [593]
  Impossibility of a Skeptical Satisfaction of the Pure Reason that is in Conflict with itself [605]
  
• Section 3. The Discipline of Pure Reason in respect of Hypotheses [612]
• Section 4. The Discipline of Pure Reason in respect of its Proofs [621]

Chapter II. The Canon of Pure Reason [629]

• Section 1. The Ultimate End of the Pure Employment of our Reason [630]
• Section 2. The Ideal of the Highest Good, as a Determining Ground of the Ultimate End of Pure Reason [635]
• Section 3. Opining, Knowing, and Believing [645]

Chapter III. The Architectonic of Pure Reason [653]
Chapter IV. The History of Pure Reason [666]

Index (replaced in this edition by the Hong Kong searchable index)

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